The method of installing photovoltaic modules on different roofs also varies, and common installation methods include additional, ballast, and pile foundation types.

如果屋頂屬于彩鋼瓦型式，一般都考慮附加型，直接將組件平鋪在彩鋼瓦上，尤其是一般彩鋼瓦屋頂都沒有女兒墻，采用平鋪的型式防風(fēng)效果好，為安全；另外彩鋼瓦屋頂也有一定的傾角，雖然可能不是光伏發(fā)電對應(yīng)的佳傾角，但加大傾角帶來的改造成本也是需要綜合考量的。

If the roof belongs to the color steel tile type, the additional type is generally considered, and the components are directly laid on the color steel tile. In particular, the general color steel tile roof has no parapet, and the flat type is the best and safest for wind protection; In addition, the color steel tile roof also has a certain inclination angle. Although it may not be the optimal inclination angle for photovoltaic power generation, the renovation cost brought about by increasing the inclination angle also needs to be comprehensively considered.

對于水泥屋頂，通常是純平，常見的安裝方式是壓載型和混凝土基礎(chǔ)樁基型，如上圖所示。

For cement roofs, they are usually flat, and the common installation methods are ballast type and concrete foundation pile foundation type, as shown in the above figure.

很多時候，建筑物業(yè)主不允許在混凝土平屋頂上鉆孔，一方面是擔(dān)心老建筑的強(qiáng)度，或者是不想改變屋頂?shù)姆浪阅?。這就是選擇壓載型或混凝土基礎(chǔ)安裝的原因。

Many times, building owners are not allowed to drill holes on concrete flat roofs, either because they are concerned about the strength of the old building or because they do not want to change the waterproof performance of the roof. This is the reason for choosing ballast type or concrete foundation installation.

壓載型由于沒有和屋頂做錨固連接，因此側(cè)面可以考慮做防風(fēng)處理，尤其是沒有女兒墻的水泥屋頂。

Since the ballast type is not anchored to the roof, wind proof treatment can be considered for the side, especially for the cement roof without parapet.

混凝土基座的主要目的是確保即使在暴風(fēng)雨季節(jié)，支架系統(tǒng)也能保持完好無損。它保證了良好的安裝而不會導(dǎo)致屋頂漏水，還可以提高太陽能電池組件的效率，減少女兒墻對陽光的遮擋。

The main purpose of the concrete foundation is to ensure that the support system remains intact even during stormy seasons. It ensures good installation without causing water leakage on the roof, improves the efficiency of solar cell modules, and reduces the parapet's blocking of sunlight.

平屋頂不代表平鋪安裝

Flat roof does not mean flat installation

在平屋頂上采用平鋪方式安裝光伏組件，似乎是想當(dāng)然的方式，不僅安裝量/面積可以大化，還有可能將光伏作為屋頂頂棚使用，增加空間面積。

Installing photovoltaic modules on a flat roof using a tiled approach seems to be the most natural approach, as it not only maximizes the installation volume/area, but also potentially uses photovoltaic panels as roof ceilings to increase space area.

但事實(shí)上，在平屋頂上安裝光伏，并不意味著您還應(yīng)該將其傾斜度設(shè)置為0度，我們需要考慮很多因素，應(yīng)避免平裝，包括：

But in fact, installing photovoltaic on a flat roof does not mean that you should also set its inclination to 0 degrees. We need to consider many factors and avoid flat installation, including:

平鋪組件容易積灰，積灰可能造成10％甚至30%的發(fā)電量損失；

Flat components are prone to dust accumulation, which may cause a 10% or even 30% loss of power generation;

清洗更不方便，積水不易流出；可能無法靠自然降雨來去除積灰；

Cleaning is more inconvenient, and accumulated water is not easy to flow out; It may not be possible to rely on natural rainfall to remove accumulated ash;

與傾斜安裝相比，發(fā)電量將減少；投資回報期將更長；

Compared to inclined installation, the power generation will be reduced; The investment return period will be longer;

傾斜安裝和純平鋪的光伏陣列發(fā)電量會有明顯的不同，通過對一個11.2kWp太陽能系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行仿真模擬，傾角分別為10度、5度和0度。

There will be significant differences in the power generation between tilted and flat photovoltaic arrays. Through simulation of an 11.2kWp solar system, the tilt angles are 10 degrees, 5 degrees, and 0 degrees, respectively.

仿真結(jié)果表明，如果傾角為0度，則11.2kWp系統(tǒng)年發(fā)電量約為13,480.3kWh，而在5度傾角下，該系統(tǒng)一年發(fā)電量達(dá)到14,066.9kWh。而事實(shí)上，當(dāng)傾角為10度時，該系統(tǒng)年發(fā)電量達(dá)到14,520kWh。

The simulation results show that if the inclination angle is 0 degrees, the annual power generation of the 11.2kWp system is about 13480.3kWh, while at a 5 degree inclination angle, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14066.9kWh. In fact, when the inclination angle is 10 degrees, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14520kWh.

從結(jié)果中可以看出，每增加5度，系統(tǒng)每年增加500kWh的發(fā)電量（15度后，增加量會明顯減少，超過佳傾角后反而會更低）。而且，上述仿真模擬還沒有考慮低傾角安裝時由于積灰而造成的發(fā)電量損失。

From the results, it can be seen that for every 5 degree increase, the system generates an annual increase of 500kWh of electricity (after 15 degrees, the increase will significantly decrease, but after exceeding the optimal inclination angle, it will actually be lower). Moreover, the above simulation has not yet taken into account the power generation loss caused by ash accumulation during low inclination installation.

建議如果不愿意采用佳傾角來安裝的話，安裝傾角盡可能還是高一些。如果必須平鋪，建議也將傾角設(shè)計(jì)在5-10度之間。對于平屋頂來說，5-10度的角度也已經(jīng)足夠平了，而對于彩鋼瓦屋頂來說，一般都會留有3度以上的角度，相比增加傾角的額外成本來說，順其自然、隨坡就勢也是很好的選擇。

It is recommended that if you are not willing to use the optimal inclination angle for installation, the installation inclination angle should be as high as possible. If it is necessary to lay flat, it is recommended to also design the inclination angle between 5 and 10 degrees. For flat roofs, an angle of 5-10 degrees is already sufficient, while for colored steel tile roofs, an angle of more than 3 degrees is generally left. Compared to the additional cost of increasing the inclination angle, letting nature take its course and following the slope is also a good choice.

平屋頂安裝必須考慮風(fēng)速

Flat roof installation must consider wind speed

在太陽能系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)階段，必須考慮當(dāng)?shù)乜赡艹霈F(xiàn)的大風(fēng)速，尤其是在風(fēng)速超過每小時180公里的地區(qū)。

In the design phase of solar systems, it is necessary to consider the maximum wind speed that may occur locally, especially in areas with wind speeds exceeding 180 kilometers per hour.

不是五年一遇，十年一遇，光伏系統(tǒng)的壽命是25年，必須考慮50年一遇！

Not once every five years, once every ten years. The lifespan of the photovoltaic system is 25 years, and a once every 50 years must be considered!

年4月底發(fā)生在江蘇南通的臺風(fēng)，活生生地將屋頂?shù)奶柲芄夥?、太陽能熱水器都吹到了地上，臺風(fēng)期間造成十多人死亡，50年一遇毫不夸張。

The typhoon that occurred in Nantong, Jiangsu at the end of April of the year, vividly blew the solar photovoltaic and solar water heaters on the roof to the ground. During the typhoon, it caused more than ten deaths, and it is no exaggeration to have a once-in-50 event.

普通的平屋頂太陽能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)可以承受160 km / h（十三級臺風(fēng)）的風(fēng)速，但如果沒有女兒墻擋風(fēng)，陣列間沒有考慮防風(fēng)，局部區(qū)域因氣流而造成的瞬間風(fēng)速會遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過實(shí)際的風(fēng)速。

The ordinary flat roof solar power generation system can withstand the wind speed of 160 km/h (Level 13 typhoon), but if there is no parapet for wind protection, and no wind protection is considered between arrays, the instantaneous wind speed caused by airflow in local areas will be far more than the actual wind speed.

這時候?qū)τ谥Ъ艿倪x型、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、壓載或混凝土基礎(chǔ)強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)必須依賴機(jī)構(gòu)的建議，即便是彩鋼瓦屋頂?shù)钠戒?，也要有科學(xué)的分析。

At this point, the selection of brackets, structural design, ballast or concrete foundation strength design must rely on the advice of professional institutions, even for the flat laying of colored steel tile roofs, there must be scientific analysis.

平屋頂安裝的漏水風(fēng)險

Risk of water leakage during flat roof installation

積水在平屋頂上很常見。由于屋頂是平坦的，所以水無處可去，或者說排水變慢，在屋頂停留的時間會邊長，因此，任何屋頂上的縫隙、孔洞都會變成積水的停留處。

Water accumulation on flat roofs is common. Due to the flat roof, there is no place for water to go, or the drainage slows down, and the time spent on the roof will be longer. Therefore, any gaps or holes in the roof will become a place for stagnant water to stay.

此時，安裝了光伏系統(tǒng)的平屋頂，由于支架安裝和混凝土樁基安裝時可能造成的防水層破壞，就成為平屋頂光伏大的漏水風(fēng)險。

At this point, the flat roof with photovoltaic systems installed, due to the possible damage to the waterproof layer caused by bracket installation and concrete pile foundation installation, becomes the biggest risk of water leakage for flat roof photovoltaic systems.

如果是彩鋼瓦屋頂，采用夾具安裝要比在彩鋼瓦上打孔要好；如果彩鋼瓦不適合用夾具連接，采用結(jié)構(gòu)膠粘結(jié)也是一種選擇，浙江凌志有機(jī)硅就有相關(guān)的解決方案；如果必須打孔，需要確保所有孔都能正確密封以防水。

If it is a colored steel tile roof, using fixtures for installation is better than drilling holes on the colored steel tile; If colored steel tiles are not suitable for connecting with fixtures, using structural adhesive bonding is also an option. Zhejiang Lingzhi Organic Silicon has relevant solutions; If drilling is necessary, it is necessary to ensure that all holes are properly sealed for waterproofing.

需要考慮平屋頂上的機(jī)械單元

Mechanical units on flat roofs need to be considered

在水泥平屋頂上設(shè)計(jì)和安裝光伏的挑戰(zhàn)之一是現(xiàn)有建筑樓頂?shù)母黝悪C(jī)械裝置，如室外空調(diào)機(jī)組、排水管、排氣扇、通風(fēng)設(shè)施、水箱、欄桿、屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)、暖通系統(tǒng)和水管等等。

One of the challenges in designing and installing photovoltaic systems on cement flat roofs is the various mechanical devices on existing building roofs, such as outdoor air conditioning units, drainage pipes, exhaust fans, ventilation facilities, water tanks, railings, roof structures, HVAC systems, and water pipes.

這些已有的設(shè)備，不僅影響了屋頂光伏的布局，影響了系支架間距和排列，還可能對光伏陣列產(chǎn)生陰影遮擋，或是影響到日后的運(yùn)維。

These existing devices not only affect the layout of rooftop photovoltaics, the spacing and arrangement of support brackets, but may also create shadow blocking on the photovoltaic array or affect future operations and maintenance.

有的設(shè)計(jì)人員會考慮在這些設(shè)施上方加裝光伏，為設(shè)施遮風(fēng)擋雨，但由此帶來的另一個問題是高度設(shè)計(jì)要求和防風(fēng)要求，以及運(yùn)維的困難。

Some designers may consider installing photovoltaics above these facilities to provide shelter from wind and rain, but another issue that arises is the height design requirements and wind protection requirements, as well as the difficulty of operation and maintenance.

對于屋頂設(shè)施，只能因地制宜地開展設(shè)計(jì)，但這是屋頂光伏無法回避，必須重視的問題。

For rooftop facilities, design can only be carried out according to local conditions, but this is an issue that cannot be avoided by rooftop photovoltaics and must be taken seriously.

屋頂平鋪組件的增發(fā)

Additional issuance of roof tile components

一般沒有絕對0度角的平鋪安裝，但低傾角確實(shí)是不能回避的問題，即便是水泥屋頂也會有這樣的需求，對于屋頂平鋪光伏，優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)后仍然可以獲得佳發(fā)電能力，這可以通過不同的方式來完成。

Generally, there is no absolute 0 degree angle for flat installation, but low inclination is indeed an unavoidable problem. Even cement roofs have such a demand. For flat photovoltaic roofs, optimized design can still achieve the best power generation capacity, which can be achieved through different methods.

方法1：在平鋪的情況下盡可能做出一定的傾角，不一定追求佳傾角，尤其是大于15度傾角時，需要慎重考慮屋頂?shù)姆里L(fēng)問題（傾角越大，受風(fēng)的影響越大）。通常若能做到5-10度就已經(jīng)足夠。同時面向佳朝向。

Method 1: When laying flat, try to make a certain inclination angle as much as possible, not necessarily pursuing the best inclination angle, especially when the inclination angle is greater than 15 degrees. It is necessary to carefully consider the wind protection of the roof (the larger the inclination angle, the greater the impact of wind). Usually, it is sufficient to achieve 5-10 degrees. Simultaneously facing the best orientation.

方法2：對于傾角很低的近似平鋪組件，在上下兩排組件之間留有間隙，以便讓組件表面的水能流出組件表面，而不是累積到下一塊組件。這對于設(shè)計(jì)為頂棚的光伏陣列是一個額外要求，因?yàn)轫斉锞褪菫榱藫跤?，可以考慮組件之間加裝排水槽來實(shí)現(xiàn)（這種方案目前在陽光房光伏應(yīng)用中已很普遍，工商業(yè)屋頂可以作為參考）。

Method 2: For approximately flat components with a low inclination angle, leave a gap between the upper and lower rows of components to allow water on the surface of the component to flow out of the component surface instead of accumulating onto the next component. This is an additional requirement for photovoltaic arrays designed as a ceiling, as the ceiling is designed to block rain. It can be considered to install drainage channels between components to achieve this (this solution is currently very common in solar room photovoltaic applications, and industrial and commercial roofs can be used as a reference).

方法3：對于低傾角屋頂光伏組件，加裝一種被稱為自動排水除泥器的產(chǎn)品，徹底消除3-15度傾角的光伏組件表面積水、積灰。由于是屋頂頂棚應(yīng)用，后期爬上去運(yùn)維多有不便，排水除泥器的選型要考慮到后期運(yùn)維，如采用高效、長壽命的材質(zhì)，避免塑料產(chǎn)品短期內(nèi)老化后可能會需要更換；還需要考慮材質(zhì)與組件鋁邊框之間的異金屬腐蝕問題，還要選擇不影響鋁邊框表面電阻的材質(zhì)以避免組件PID風(fēng)險。

Method 3: For low angle rooftop photovoltaic modules, install a product called an automatic drainage and mud removal device to completely eliminate water accumulation and dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic modules with an angle of 3-15 degrees. Due to the use of rooftop ceilings, it is often inconvenient to climb up and maintain in the later stage. The selection of drainage and mud removal devices should consider the later stage of operation and maintenance, such as using efficient and long-life materials to avoid plastic products that may need to be replaced after short-term aging; It is also necessary to consider the issue of non-metallic corrosion between the material and the aluminum frame of the component, and to choose a material that does not affect the surface resistance of the aluminum frame to avoid the PID risk of the component.

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