工業(yè)用電往往伴隨大量能源消耗和碳排放。產業(yè)園區(qū)用電大戶，通過廠房屋頂光伏，可以讓能源更加綠色，也可減少用電成本，并將多余電量銷售給電網(wǎng)從中獲益。國家鼓勵并支持屋頂?shù)确植际焦夥l(fā)電項目采用“自發(fā)自用，余量上網(wǎng)”模式接入電網(wǎng)。其投資回報直接影響著光伏建設的動力與效率。那么，園區(qū)屋頂光伏如何建，才能提高新能源比例？該如何提高新能源的實際利用率？

　　Industrial electricity often comes with significant energy consumption and carbon emissions. Large electricity users in industrial parks can use rooftop photovoltaics to make energy more green, reduce electricity costs, and benefit from selling excess electricity to the grid. The state encourages and supports rooftop distributed photovoltaic power generation projects to adopt the "self use, surplus grid connection" mode to connect to the power grid. The return on investment directly affects the power and efficiency of photovoltaic construction. So, how to build rooftop photovoltaics in the park to increase the proportion of new energy? How to improve the actual utilization rate of new energy?

　　有效利用屋頂

　　Effectively utilizing the roof

　　提高新能源比例，要有效利用屋頂資源。國務院2021年發(fā)布的《2030年前碳達峰行動方案的通知》指出，到2025年，新建廠房屋頂光伏覆蓋率力爭達到50%。

　　To increase the proportion of new energy, it is necessary to effectively utilize rooftop resources. The Notice on the Action Plan for Carbon Peak before 2030 issued by the State Council in 2021 states that by 2025, the coverage rate of photovoltaic on the roofs of newly built factories should strive to reach 50%.

　　而閔行開發(fā)區(qū)自有廠房可安裝光伏面積約10萬平方。該園區(qū)計劃從2022年起，新建工業(yè)廠房力爭屋頂安裝光伏面積比例不低于60%，已建設施按上述標準改造，力爭2025年前改造50%。

　　The self owned factory buildings in Minhang Development Zone can install photovoltaic systems with an area of approximately 100000 square meters. Starting from 2022, the park plans to construct new industrial plants with a minimum rooftop photovoltaic installation area of 60%. Existing facilities will be renovated according to the above standards, with the goal of renovating 50% by 2025.

　　ABB、西門子、米其林和三菱電梯等4家企業(yè)，其位于閔行開發(fā)區(qū)內的零碳工廠或綠色工廠，電能均是用能的大頭，也是碳排放主要來源。其中3家企業(yè)的廠房屋頂光伏發(fā)電可達到工廠整體用電的10%至30%。但園區(qū)可利用的屋頂有限。比如，三菱電梯可利用光伏的屋頂面積約占整個廠區(qū)屋頂?shù)?0%，即使全部采用光伏發(fā)電，也只能滿足工廠整體用能需求的10%。

　　Four companies, ABB, Siemens, Michelin, and Mitsubishi Elevator, have zero carbon or green factories located in Minhang Development Zone, where electricity is the main source of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Three of the companies' rooftop photovoltaic power generation can reach 10% to 30% of the overall electricity consumption of the factory. But the available roofs in the park are limited. For example, Mitsubishi elevators can utilize photovoltaic roof area, which accounts for about 50% of the entire factory roof area. Even if all photovoltaic power generation is used, it can only meet 10% of the overall energy demand of the factory.

　　加大屋頂安裝光伏覆蓋面積，還要讓屋頂承重符合條件。調研發(fā)現(xiàn)，作為建成近40年的園區(qū)，閔行開發(fā)區(qū)的一些廠房屋頂承重不夠，難以滿足光伏鋪設要求。為此，企業(yè)加固了原有建筑屋頂，并選擇更輕的光伏組件。另外，光伏停車棚等方案也被納入考慮。

　　Increase the coverage area of photovoltaic installation on the roof and ensure that the roof load-bearing capacity meets the requirements. Research has found that as a park built nearly 40 years ago, some factory roofs in Minhang Development Zone do not have sufficient load-bearing capacity to meet the requirements for photovoltaic installation. To this end, the company reinforced the original building roof and chose lighter photovoltaic modules. In addition, solutions such as photovoltaic parking sheds have also been considered.

　　近期，該園區(qū)最大的上海凱士比泵光伏發(fā)電項目，一期3.9萬平方米面積光伏完成安裝并網(wǎng)，覆蓋廠區(qū)60%的屋頂面積，預計25年合約期內太陽能發(fā)電總量可達1.3億千瓦時，每年可減少約2610噸二氧化碳排放。

　　Recently, the largest Shanghai Kaisibi Pump Photovoltaic Power Generation Project in the park has completed the installation and grid connection of 39000 square meters of photovoltaic power in the first phase, covering 60% of the roof area of the factory. It is expected that the total solar power generation during the 25 year contract period will reach 130 million kilowatt hours, reducing about 2610 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually.

　　提高光伏發(fā)電自用率

　　Improve the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation

　　《國務院關于促進光伏產業(yè)健康發(fā)展的若干意見》要求，鼓勵各類電力用戶按照“自發(fā)自用，余量上網(wǎng)，電網(wǎng)調節(jié)”的方式建設分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。

　　The "Several Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Photovoltaic Industry" requires that all types of power users be encouraged to build distributed photovoltaic power generation systems in the form of "self use, surplus grid connection, and grid regulation".

　　重要的是新能源怎么使用。調研企業(yè)光伏項目建設運營負責人董事稱，企業(yè)在長期運營光伏中發(fā)現(xiàn)，光伏發(fā)電自用率越高，投資回報越大。由于光伏余量上網(wǎng)電價低于從電網(wǎng)買電的電價，企業(yè)若能提高自發(fā)自用率，會讓光伏發(fā)電更為“劃算”，進而提高建設光伏的積極性。

　　What's important is how to use new energy. The director in charge of the construction and operation of photovoltaic projects in a research enterprise stated that in the long-term operation of photovoltaics, the company has found that the higher the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation, the greater the investment return. Due to the fact that the on grid electricity price for photovoltaic surplus is lower than the electricity price for purchasing electricity from the grid, if enterprises can increase their self consumption rate, it will make photovoltaic power generation more "cost-effective" and thus increase their enthusiasm for building photovoltaics.

　　比如，一家調研企業(yè)，過去接近一半用電負荷不能享受光伏發(fā)電，通過一系列投資和相關舉措，2019年并網(wǎng)發(fā)電后，工廠光伏發(fā)電自用率達80%左右。投資回報方面，該企業(yè)從2018年開始，投資1200萬元左右用于光伏建設項目，近5年內節(jié)省費用約700萬元，投資回報周期遠低于預期的10年。

　　For example, a research company found that in the past, nearly half of its electricity load could not enjoy photovoltaic power generation. Through a series of investments and related measures, after grid connected power generation in 2019, the factory's photovoltaic power generation self use rate reached about 80%. In terms of investment return, the company has invested around 12 million yuan in photovoltaic construction projects since 2018, saving about 7 million yuan in costs in the past 5 years. The investment return period is much lower than the expected 10 years.

　　那么，光伏發(fā)電自用率為何難以提高？董事認為，要讓所有用電負荷都能用到光伏發(fā)電，其最大限制在于，考慮安全冗余，大多數(shù)企業(yè)變壓器負荷控制在30%-50%。光伏用電會大大增加原有變壓器的負荷，甚至可能超出額定負荷。因此自發(fā)自用率難以提高。

　　So, why is it difficult to increase the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation? The directors believe that in order to enable all electrical loads to use photovoltaic power generation, the biggest limitation is to consider safety redundancy, with most enterprise transformer loads controlled at 30% -50%. Photovoltaic power consumption will greatly increase the load of existing transformers, and may even exceed the rated load. Therefore, it is difficult to increase the spontaneous self use rate.

　　為此，有調研企業(yè)主要從用電較大的空調系統(tǒng)入手。一是通過節(jié)能改造提高空調設備效率，使其額定功率輕量化；二是電機變頻化，通過集中自動控制系統(tǒng)，讓空調設備根據(jù)天氣情況調整使用功率；三是除了天氣變化，空調設備還要根據(jù)變壓器負荷余量調整使用功率，比如將變壓器最高使用參數(shù)設為80%，當檢測達到這一數(shù)值時，中央空調冷站就降低使用功率。還可通過電氣化的辦法，比如，將廚房天然氣爐改為電爐，也可提高光伏發(fā)電自用率。

　　For this reason, some research companies mainly focus on air conditioning systems with high electricity consumption. One is to improve the efficiency of air conditioning equipment through energy-saving renovation, making its rated power lightweight; The second is motor frequency conversion, which adjusts the power consumption of air conditioning equipment according to weather conditions through a centralized automatic control system; Thirdly, in addition to weather changes, air conditioning equipment also needs to adjust its power consumption based on the remaining load of the transformer. For example, setting the maximum operating parameter of the transformer to 80%, when this value is detected, the central air conditioning cold station will reduce its power consumption. Electrification methods can also be used, such as replacing kitchen natural gas stoves with electric stoves, to increase the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation.

　　實際上，提高光伏發(fā)電自用率不僅能提高投資回報，提升新能源實際利用效率，還一定程度上促進節(jié)能降碳。

　　In fact, increasing the self use rate of photovoltaic power generation can not only improve investment returns and enhance the actual utilization efficiency of new energy, but also promote energy conservation and carbon reduction to a certain extent.

　　與園區(qū)光伏匹配的其他設施

　　Other facilities that match the photovoltaic system in the park

　　園區(qū)光伏在白天發(fā)電，而用戶一般在夜間也有負荷，配置儲能可以更好地利用其電能。目前，多地對分布式光伏提出配套建設儲能的要求。

　　The photovoltaic system in the park generates electricity during the day, while users generally have loads at night. Configuring energy storage can better utilize its electrical energy. At present, many regions have put forward requirements for supporting the construction of energy storage for distributed photovoltaics.

　　浙江是工商業(yè)光伏新增裝機比例較高的省份。2023年8月，浙江金華發(fā)布《金東區(qū)加快用戶側儲能建設的實施意見》，要求新建設的非居民分布式光伏發(fā)電項目原則上按照裝機容量10%以上配建儲能系統(tǒng)。而江蘇、山東、河北、河南等省份也陸續(xù)出臺了分布式光伏配儲的政策文件。

　　Zhejiang is a province with a relatively high proportion of newly installed industrial and commercial photovoltaic capacity. In August 2023, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating User Side Energy Storage Construction in Jindong District", requiring newly constructed non residential distributed photovoltaic power generation projects to be equipped with energy storage systems with an installed capacity of more than 10% in principle. And provinces such as Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, and Henan have also successively issued policy documents for distributed photovoltaic storage.

　　微電網(wǎng)也成為調研企業(yè)在光伏建設方面的探索。微電網(wǎng)能實現(xiàn)源網(wǎng)荷儲的靈活控制，追求源和荷就地平衡，在無電地區(qū)實現(xiàn)可靠供電、提高城市能源綜合利用效率等方面，都有較高應用價值。國家發(fā)改委和國家能源局發(fā)布的《關于推進電力源網(wǎng)荷儲一體化和多能互補發(fā)展的指導意見》中提出，在工業(yè)負荷大、新能源條件好的地區(qū)，支持分布式電源開發(fā)建設和就近接入消納，結合增量配電網(wǎng)等工作，開展源網(wǎng)荷儲一體化綠色供電園區(qū)建設。閔行開發(fā)區(qū)也計劃，加大“新能源+儲能”、源網(wǎng)荷儲一體化等新興技術試點示范。

　　Microgrids have also become an exploration for research companies in the field of photovoltaic construction. Microgrids can achieve flexible control of source grid load storage, pursue on-site balance of source and load, achieve reliable power supply in areas without electricity, and improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of urban energy, all of which have high application value. The Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Integration of Power Source Grid Load Storage and Multi Energy Complementary Development, issued by the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration, propose to support the development and construction of distributed power sources and nearby access and consumption in areas with high industrial loads and good new energy conditions, and to carry out the construction of green power supply parks integrating source grid load storage in conjunction with incremental distribution networks. Minhang Development Zone also plans to increase pilot demonstrations of emerging technologies such as "new energy+energy storage" and integrated source grid load storage.

　　工商業(yè)屋頂是城市光伏的重要應用場景。園區(qū)屋頂光伏建設，需要提高綠色能源利用率，帶動園區(qū)能源結構的優(yōu)化。無論采取何種手段，投資回報依然是需要考慮的核心問題。為此，企業(yè)需要更多創(chuàng)新舉措和探索空間，也需要推廣可復制的模式，降低園區(qū)光伏建設和運營成本。

　　Industrial and commercial roofs are important application scenarios for urban photovoltaics. The construction of rooftop photovoltaics in the park requires improving the utilization rate of green energy and driving the optimization of the park's energy structure. No matter what measures are taken, investment return remains a core issue that needs to be considered. For this reason, enterprises need more innovative measures and exploration space, as well as the promotion of replicable models to reduce the construction and operation costs of photovoltaic projects in the park.

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