分布式小型并網光伏系統(tǒng)，特別是光伏建筑一體化發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，由于投資小、建設快、占地面積小、政策支持力度大等優(yōu)點，是發(fā)達國家并網光伏發(fā)電的主流。但在我國因政策優(yōu)惠措施不到位，目前還不算普及。這方面是在我國今后亟待政策配套大力推廣的綠色新能源發(fā)展方向。

Distributed small-scale grid connected photovoltaic systems, especially photovoltaic building integrated power generation systems, are the mainstream of grid connected photovoltaic power generation in developed countries due to their advantages of small investment, fast construction, small footprint, and strong policy support. But in our country, due to inadequate policy incentives, it is not yet widely available. This is the development direction of green new energy that urgently needs policy support and strong promotion in China in the future.

大型光伏電站

Large scale photovoltaic power plants

集中式大型并網光伏電站就是國家利用荒漠，集中建設大型光伏電站，發(fā)電直接并入公共電網，接入高壓輸電系統(tǒng)供給遠距離負荷。中式大型并網光伏電站一般是國家級電站主要特點是將所發(fā)電能直接輸送到電網，有電網統(tǒng)一調配向用戶供電。但這種電站投資大、建設周期長、占地面積大，分布式小型并網光伏系統(tǒng)，就是各家各戶利用屋頂進行光伏發(fā)電，供用戶自己使用，多余的電量并入公共電網。

Centralized large-scale grid connected photovoltaic power stations refer to the construction of large-scale photovoltaic power stations in the desert, which are directly integrated into the public power grid and connected to the high-voltage transmission system to supply long-distance loads. Chinese large-scale grid connected photovoltaic power stations are generally national level power stations. The main feature is to directly transmit the generated energy to the power grid, which is uniformly distributed by the power grid to provide power to users. But this type of power station has a large investment, long construction period, and occupies a large area. The distributed small-scale grid connected photovoltaic system means that each household uses the roof to generate photovoltaic power for their own use, and the excess electricity is integrated into the public grid.

分布式光伏電站與集中式光伏電站的并網區(qū)別：

The difference between grid connection of distributed photovoltaic power stations and centralized photovoltaic power stations:

分布式光伏電站：

Distributed photovoltaic power plants:

分布式基本原則：主要基于建筑物表面，就近解決用戶的用電問題，通過并網實現供電差額的補償與外送。

Distributed basic principle: mainly based on the surface of buildings, solve the electricity consumption problems of users nearby, and achieve compensation and external transmission of power supply differences through grid connection.

優(yōu)點：

Advantages:

1、光伏電源處于用戶側，發(fā)電供給當地負荷，視作負載，可以有效減少對電網供電的依賴，減少線路損耗。

1. Photovoltaic power supply is located on the user side, generating electricity to supply local loads, which is considered as a load and can effectively reduce dependence on grid power supply and reduce line losses.

2、充分利用建筑物表面，可以將光伏電池同時作為建筑材料，有效減少光伏電站的占地面積。

2. By fully utilizing the surface of buildings, photovoltaic cells can be simultaneously used as building materials, effectively reducing the footprint of photovoltaic power stations.

3、與智能電網和微電網的有效接口，運行靈活，適當條件下可以脫稿電網獨立運行。

3. Effective interface with smart grids and microgrids, flexible operation, and independent operation of the grid under appropriate conditions.

缺點：

Disadvantages:

1、配電網中的潮流方向會適時變化，逆潮流導致額外損耗，相關的保護都需要重新整定，變壓器分接頭需要不斷變換，等問題。

1. The direction of power flow in the distribution network will change in a timely manner, and reverse flow will cause additional losses. Relevant protection needs to be reset, and transformer tap points need to be constantly changed.

2、電壓和無功調節(jié)的困難，大容量光伏的接入后功率因數的控制存在技術型難題，短路電力也將增大。

2. The difficulties in voltage and reactive power regulation, as well as the technical challenges in controlling the power factor after the connection of large capacity photovoltaics, will also increase the short-circuit power.

3、需要在配電網級的能量管理系統(tǒng)，在大規(guī)模光伏接入的情況下進行負載的同一管理。對二次設備和通訊提供了新的要求，增加了系統(tǒng)的復雜性。

3. It is necessary to perform the same load management in the energy management system at the distribution network level in the case of large-scale photovoltaic integration. New requirements have been placed on secondary equipment and communication, increasing the complexity of the system.

集中式光伏電站：

Centralized photovoltaic power station:

集中式基本原則：充分利用荒漠地區(qū)豐富和相對穩(wěn)定的太陽能資源構建大型光伏電站，接入高壓輸電系統(tǒng)供給遠距離負荷。

The basic principle of centralization is to fully utilize the abundant and relatively stable solar energy resources in desert areas to build large-scale photovoltaic power stations, and connect them to high-voltage transmission systems to supply long-distance loads.

優(yōu)點：

Advantages:

1、由于選址更加靈活，光伏出力穩(wěn)定性有所增加，并且充分利用太陽輻射與用電負荷的正調。

1. Due to more flexible site selection, the stability of photovoltaic output has been increased, and the positive adjustment of solar radiation and electricity load has been fully utilized.

2、運行方式較為靈活，相對于分布式光伏可以更方便的進行無功和電壓控制，參加電網頻率調節(jié)也更容易實現。

2. The operation mode is more flexible, making it more convenient to control reactive power and voltage compared to distributed photovoltaics, and participating in grid frequency regulation is also easier to achieve.

3、建設周期短，環(huán)境適應能力強，不需要水源、燃煤運輸等原料保障，運行成本低，便于集中管理，受到空間的限制小，可以很容易地實現擴容。

3. Short construction period, strong environmental adaptability, no need for raw material guarantee such as water source and coal transportation, low operating cost, easy centralized management, limited by space, and easy to achieve expansion.

缺點：

Disadvantages:

1、需要依賴長距離輸電線路送電入網，同時自身也是電網地一個較大地干擾源，輸電線路的損耗、電壓跌落、無功補償等問題將會凸顯。

1. It is necessary to rely on long-distance transmission lines for power transmission into the grid, and at the same time, it is also a major source of interference to the power grid. Issues such as transmission line losses, voltage drops, and reactive power compensation will become prominent.

2、大容量的光伏電站由多臺變換裝置組合實現，這些設備的協(xié)同工作需要進行同一管理，目前這方面技術尚不成熟。

2. Large capacity photovoltaic power stations are achieved by combining multiple transformation devices, and the collaborative work of these devices requires the same management. Currently, this technology is not yet mature.

3、為保證電網安全，大容量的集中式光伏接入需要有LVRT等新的功能，這一技術往往與孤島存在沖突。

3. To ensure the safety of the power grid, large capacity centralized photovoltaic access requires new features such as LVRT, which often conflicts with islanding.

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