不同氣候條件對(duì)光伏出力的影響因素

　　Factors affecting photovoltaic output under different climatic conditions

　　日照強(qiáng)度：日照強(qiáng)度是影響分布式光伏發(fā)電的重要因素之一。在光照充足的地區(qū)，光伏電池能夠接收更多的太陽(yáng)能，從而產(chǎn)生更高的電量輸出。例如，在一些陽(yáng)光充足的地區(qū)，如我國(guó)河西走廊中段北部邊緣的金塔縣，年平均日照時(shí)數(shù)達(dá)到 3231 小時(shí)，年太陽(yáng)輻射量 6800 MJ/m?，日照百分率達(dá)到 75%，為分布式光伏發(fā)電提供了良好的自然條件。

　　Sunshine intensity: Sunshine intensity is one of the important factors affecting distributed photovoltaic power generation. In areas with sufficient sunlight, photovoltaic cells can receive more solar energy, resulting in higher power output. For example, in some sunny areas, such as Jinta County on the northern edge of the middle section of the Hexi Corridor in China, the annual average sunshine hours reach 3231 hours, the annual solar radiation is 6800 MJ/m ?, and the sunshine percentage reaches 75%, providing good natural conditions for distributed photovoltaic power generation.

　　溫度：溫度對(duì)光伏電池的性能也有顯著影響。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，隨著溫度的升高，光伏電池的輸出功率會(huì)下降。在巴西的不同氣候區(qū)域，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)晶體硅模塊在高濕度和高溫地區(qū)會(huì)出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)烈的性能退化，而具有低溫度系數(shù)功率的薄膜光伏模塊則表現(xiàn)出更優(yōu)越的性能。

　　Temperature: Temperature also has a significant impact on the performance of photovoltaic cells. Generally speaking, as the temperature increases, the output power of photovoltaic cells will decrease. In different climatic regions of Brazil, research has found that crystalline silicon modules exhibit strong performance degradation in high humidity and high temperature areas, while thin-film photovoltaic modules with low temperature coefficient power exhibit superior performance.

　　濕度：濕度同樣會(huì)影響分布式光伏發(fā)電的表現(xiàn)。在高濕度地區(qū)，可能會(huì)對(duì)光伏電池的性能產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。例如在軌道交通沿線分布式光伏示范電站的研究中，當(dāng)濕度小于 60% 時(shí)，對(duì)發(fā)電瞬時(shí)功率基本無(wú)影響；而當(dāng)濕度大于 60% 時(shí)，發(fā)電瞬時(shí)功率隨濕度的增加而快速減小。

　　Humidity: Humidity can also affect the performance of distributed photovoltaic power generation. In high humidity areas, it may have a negative impact on the performance of photovoltaic cells. For example, in the research of distributed photovoltaic demonstration power stations along rail transit lines, when the humidity is less than 60%, it has little effect on the instantaneous power generation; When the humidity exceeds 60%, the instantaneous power generation rapidly decreases with the increase of humidity.

　　二、不同氣候條件下的發(fā)電性能評(píng)估

　　2、 Evaluation of power generation performance under different climatic conditions

　　性能指標(biāo)分析：在不同氣候條件下，可以通過一些性能指標(biāo)來(lái)評(píng)估分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的表現(xiàn)。例如，阿爾及利亞的研究中，通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化規(guī)范 IEC 61724，對(duì)三個(gè)不同氣候區(qū)域的太陽(yáng)能光伏電站進(jìn)行了性能分析，評(píng)估了參考產(chǎn)量（Yr）、最終產(chǎn)量（Yf）、性能比（PR）和容量系數(shù)（CF）等性能因素。

　　Performance indicator analysis: Under different climatic conditions, the performance of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems can be evaluated through some performance indicators. For example, in Algeria's research, performance analysis was conducted on solar photovoltaic power plants in three different climate regions using the standardized specification IEC 61724, evaluating performance factors such as reference yield (Yr), final yield (Yf), performance ratio (PR), and capacity factor (CF).

　　基于模擬的性能評(píng)估：對(duì)于分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)在不同氣候條件下的性能，還可以通過模擬分析來(lái)進(jìn)行評(píng)估。如在一項(xiàng)研究中，對(duì)一個(gè) 5kW 獨(dú)立分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了模擬分析，使用模糊控制器的最大功率點(diǎn)跟蹤（MPPT）技術(shù)，并在不同的運(yùn)行條件下評(píng)估了模糊 MPPT 技術(shù)的性能。結(jié)果表明，模糊 MPPT 提供了更好的結(jié)果。

　　Simulation based performance evaluation: The performance of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems under different climatic conditions can also be evaluated through simulation analysis. In a study, a 5kW independent distributed photovoltaic power generation system was simulated and analyzed using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique of a fuzzy controller, and the performance of the fuzzy MPPT technique was evaluated under different operating conditions. The results indicate that fuzzy MPPT provides better results.

　　三、不同氣候條件下的光伏模塊性能

　　3、 Performance of photovoltaic modules under different climatic conditions

　　環(huán)境適應(yīng)性：光伏模塊的發(fā)電性能在不同氣候條件下的環(huán)境適應(yīng)性各不相同。通過對(duì)不同廠家的晶體硅模塊進(jìn)行 IEC 61853 系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 “光伏模塊性能測(cè)試和能量評(píng)級(jí)” 測(cè)試，并結(jié)合 6 個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣候區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)集進(jìn)行模塊能效模擬計(jì)算，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與光伏模塊的標(biāo)稱功率相比，能效值可以更好地反映模塊在不同氣候條件下的環(huán)境適應(yīng)性。

　　Environmental adaptability: The power generation performance of photovoltaic modules varies in environmental adaptability under different climatic conditions. By conducting IEC 61853 series standard "photovoltaic module performance testing and energy rating" tests on crystalline silicon modules from different manufacturers, and combining six standard climate zone datasets for module energy efficiency simulation calculations, the study found that compared with the nominal power of photovoltaic modules, energy efficiency values can better reflect the environmental adaptability of modules under different climate conditions.

　　影響能效值的因素：入射角度響應(yīng)、工作溫度系數(shù)、光譜響應(yīng)和功率矩陣等因素會(huì)影響光伏模塊的能效值。其中，入射角度響應(yīng)參數(shù)的變化對(duì)光伏模塊能效值的影響最大。

　　The factors that affect energy efficiency include incident angle response, operating temperature coefficient, spectral response, and power matrix, which can affect the energy efficiency of photovoltaic modules. Among them, the variation of the incident angle response parameter has the greatest impact on the energy efficiency value of the photovoltaic module.

　　四、不同氣候條件下的分布式光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)考慮

　　4、 Design considerations for distributed photovoltaic power generation systems under different climatic conditions

　　廣域分布式光伏發(fā)電監(jiān)測(cè)與出力估計(jì)：為準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估光伏出力對(duì)電力系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行影響，掌握分布式發(fā)電的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)，需要開展廣域分布式光伏發(fā)電監(jiān)測(cè)與出力估計(jì)研究。例如，提出光伏全局出力估計(jì)的分布式光伏國(guó) - 省 - 地一體化信息建模方法，實(shí)現(xiàn)廣域分布式光伏發(fā)電的有線與無(wú)線全景監(jiān)測(cè)；開展不同場(chǎng)景下分布式光伏出力特性研究，對(duì)分布式光伏進(jìn)行聚合分析，并提出全局出力估計(jì)方法。

　　Wide area distributed photovoltaic power generation monitoring and output estimation: In order to accurately evaluate the impact of photovoltaic output on the operation of the power system and grasp real-time data of distributed power generation, it is necessary to carry out research on wide area distributed photovoltaic power generation monitoring and output estimation. For example, proposing a distributed photovoltaic integrated information modeling method for global output estimation of photovoltaics, achieving wired and wireless panoramic monitoring of wide area distributed photovoltaic power generation; Conduct research on the output characteristics of distributed photovoltaics in different scenarios, aggregate and analyze distributed photovoltaics, and propose a global output estimation method.

　　光伏分群方法：對(duì)于大規(guī)模分布式光伏用戶出力預(yù)測(cè)，可以采用光伏分群方法。首先將氣象對(duì)光伏出力的影響分為大氣候和小氣候兩類，通過光伏日出力平均值劃分歷史數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)段為四類天氣類型樣本群，再進(jìn)行空間相關(guān)的聚類分析得到用戶光伏區(qū)域劃分，綜合考慮不合群的光伏用戶點(diǎn)數(shù)量和子區(qū)域氣象一致性來(lái)決定最優(yōu)地域分塊方案。

　　Photovoltaic clustering method: For large-scale distributed photovoltaic user output prediction, photovoltaic clustering method can be used. Firstly, the impact of weather on photovoltaic output is divided into two categories: macro climate and micro climate. The historical data period is divided into four weather type sample groups based on the average daily photovoltaic output. Then, spatial correlation clustering analysis is performed to obtain the division of user photovoltaic areas. The optimal regional partitioning scheme is determined by considering the number of non clustered photovoltaic user points and the consistency of sub regional weather.

　　貧困地區(qū)分布式光伏電站設(shè)計(jì)：在貧困地區(qū)，為充分利用空置屋頂及土地資源優(yōu)勢(shì)，發(fā)展光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)，可以根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)靥?yáng)能資源和氣候條件等情況，選取合適的光伏電池組件和逆變器型號(hào)，通過軟件模擬仿真計(jì)算得出光伏陣列最佳安裝傾角，確定布置間距，并對(duì)發(fā)電量和環(huán)境效益進(jìn)行評(píng)估

　　Design of distributed photovoltaic power stations in poverty-stricken areas: In order to fully utilize the advantages of vacant roofs and land resources and develop the photovoltaic power generation industry in poverty-stricken areas, suitable photovoltaic cell modules and inverter models can be selected based on local solar energy resources and climate conditions. The optimal installation angle of the photovoltaic array can be calculated through software simulation, the layout spacing can be determined, and the power generation and environmental benefits can be evaluated

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