一、采用哪種安裝形式

1、 Which installation form to use

不同的屋頂安裝光伏組件的方法也不一樣，常見(jiàn)的安裝方式包括附加型、壓載型及樁基型。

The method of installing photovoltaic modules on different roofs also varies, and common installation methods include additional type, ballast type, and pile foundation type.

如果屋頂屬于彩鋼瓦型式，一般都考慮附加型，直接將組件平鋪在彩鋼瓦上，尤其是一般彩鋼瓦屋頂都沒(méi)有女兒墻，采用平鋪的型式防風(fēng)效果好，為安全；另外彩鋼瓦屋頂也有一定的傾角，雖然可能不是光伏發(fā)電對(duì)應(yīng)的佳傾角，但加大傾角帶來(lái)的改造成本也是需要綜合考量的。

If the roof belongs to the color steel tile type, additional types are generally considered, and the components are directly laid flat on the color steel tile. Especially for general color steel tile roofs that do not have parapets, using a flat type has a good windproof effect for safety; In addition, the color steel tile roof also has a certain inclination angle. Although it may not be the optimal inclination angle for photovoltaic power generation, the cost of renovation caused by increasing the inclination angle also needs to be comprehensively considered.

對(duì)于水泥屋頂，通常是純平，常見(jiàn)的安裝方式是壓載型和混凝土基礎(chǔ)樁基型，如上圖所示。

For cement roofs, they are usually flat, and the common installation methods are compression type and concrete foundation pile foundation type, as shown in the above figure.

很多時(shí)候，建筑物業(yè)主不允許在混凝土平屋頂上鉆孔，一方面是擔(dān)心老建筑的強(qiáng)度，或者是不想改變屋頂?shù)姆浪阅堋＿@就是選擇壓載型或混凝土基礎(chǔ)安裝的原因。

Many times, building owners are not allowed to drill holes on concrete flat roofs because they are concerned about the strength of the old building or do not want to change the waterproof performance of the roof. This is the reason for choosing ballast type or concrete foundation installation.

壓載型由于沒(méi)有和屋頂做錨固連接，因此側(cè)面可以考慮做防風(fēng)處理，尤其是沒(méi)有女兒墻的水泥屋頂。

Due to the lack of anchoring connection with the roof, the side of the ballast type can be considered for windproof treatment, especially for cement roofs without parapets.

混凝土基座的主要目的是確保即使在暴風(fēng)雨季節(jié)，支架系統(tǒng)也能保持完好無(wú)損。它保證了良好的安裝而不會(huì)導(dǎo)致屋頂漏水，還可以提高太陽(yáng)能電池組件的效率，減少女兒墻對(duì)陽(yáng)光的遮擋。

The main purpose of a concrete foundation is to ensure that the support system remains intact even during stormy seasons. It ensures good installation without causing roof leakage, and can also improve the efficiency of solar cell modules, reducing the obstruction of sunlight by parapets.

二、平屋頂不代表平鋪安裝

2、 Flat roof does not mean flat installation

在平屋頂上采用平鋪方式安裝光伏組件，似乎是想當(dāng)然的方式，不僅安裝量/面積可以大化，還有可能將光伏作為屋頂頂棚使用，增加空間面積。

Installing photovoltaic modules on a flat roof using a tiled method seems to be a presumptuous approach. Not only can the installation volume/area be maximized, but it is also possible to use photovoltaic modules as roof ceilings, increasing the space area.

但事實(shí)上，在平屋頂上安裝光伏，并不意味著您還應(yīng)該將其傾斜度設(shè)置為0度，我們需要考慮很多因素，應(yīng)避免平裝，包括：

But in fact, installing photovoltaics on a flat roof does not mean that you should also set its inclination to 0 degrees. We need to consider many factors and avoid flat installation, including:

l 平鋪組件容易積灰，積灰可能造成10％甚至30%的發(fā)電量損失；

Flat components are prone to dust accumulation, which can cause a 10% or even 30% loss of power generation;

l 清洗更不方便，積水不易流出；

Cleaning is more inconvenient and stagnant water is less likely to flow out;

l 與傾斜安裝相比，發(fā)電量將減少；

Compared to inclined installation, the power generation will be reduced;

l 投資回報(bào)期將更長(zhǎng)；

The investment return period will be longer;

l 可能無(wú)法靠自然降雨來(lái)去除積灰；

It may not be possible to rely on natural rainfall to remove accumulated dust;

傾斜安裝和純平鋪的光伏陣列發(fā)電量會(huì)有明顯的不同，通過(guò)對(duì)一個(gè)11.2kWp太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行仿真模擬，傾角分別為10度、5度和0度。

There will be significant differences in the power generation between tilted and pure flat photovoltaic arrays. By simulating a 11.2kWp solar system, the tilt angles are 10 degrees, 5 degrees, and 0 degrees, respectively.

仿真結(jié)果表明，如果傾角為0度，則11.2kWp系統(tǒng)年發(fā)電量約為13,480.3kWh，而在5度傾角下，該系統(tǒng)一年發(fā)電量達(dá)到14,066.9kWh。而事實(shí)上，當(dāng)傾角為10度時(shí)，該系統(tǒng)年發(fā)電量達(dá)到14,520kWh。

The simulation results show that if the inclination angle is 0 degrees, the annual power generation of the 11.2kWp system is about 13480.3kWh, while at a 5 degree inclination angle, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14066.9kWh. In fact, when the inclination angle is 10 degrees, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14520kWh.

從結(jié)果中可以看出，每增加5度，系統(tǒng)每年增加500kWh的發(fā)電量（15度后，增加量會(huì)明顯減少，超過(guò)佳傾角后反而會(huì)更低）。而且，上述仿真模擬還沒(méi)有考慮低傾角安裝時(shí)由于積灰而造成的發(fā)電量損失。

From the results, it can be seen that for every 5 degree increase, the system generates an annual increase of 500kWh of electricity (after 15 degrees, the increase will significantly decrease, and even lower after exceeding the optimal inclination angle). Moreover, the above simulation has not taken into account the power generation loss caused by ash accumulation during low inclination installation.

建議如果不愿意采用佳傾角來(lái)安裝的話，安裝傾角盡可能還是高一些。如果必須平鋪，建議也將傾角設(shè)計(jì)在5-10度之間。對(duì)于平屋頂來(lái)說(shuō)，5-10度的角度也已經(jīng)足夠平了，而對(duì)于彩鋼瓦屋頂來(lái)說(shuō)，一般都會(huì)留有3度以上的角度，相比增加傾角的額外成本來(lái)說(shuō)，順其自然、隨坡就勢(shì)也是很好的選擇。

It is recommended that if you are not willing to use the best angle for installation, the installation angle should be as high as possible. If it is necessary to lay flat, it is recommended to also design the inclination angle between 5-10 degrees. For a flat roof, an angle of 5-10 degrees is already sufficient, while for a color steel tile roof, an angle of more than 3 degrees is generally left. Compared to the additional cost of increasing the inclination angle, letting nature take its course and following the slope is also a good choice.

三、平屋頂安裝必須考慮風(fēng)速

3、 Flat roof installation must consider wind speed

在太陽(yáng)能系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)階段，必須考慮當(dāng)?shù)乜赡艹霈F(xiàn)的大風(fēng)速，尤其是在風(fēng)速超過(guò)每小時(shí)180公里的地區(qū)。

In the design phase of solar systems, it is necessary to consider the possible high wind speeds in the local area, especially in areas with wind speeds exceeding 180 kilometers per hour.

普通的平屋頂太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)可以承受160 km / h（十三級(jí)臺(tái)風(fēng)）的風(fēng)速，但如果沒(méi)有女兒墻擋風(fēng)，陣列間沒(méi)有考慮防風(fēng)，局部區(qū)域因氣流而造成的瞬間風(fēng)速會(huì)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)實(shí)際的風(fēng)速。

A regular flat roof solar power generation system can withstand wind speeds of 160 km/h (a Category 13 typhoon), but without parapet walls for wind protection and without considering wind protection between arrays, the instantaneous wind speed caused by airflow in local areas will far exceed the actual wind speed.

感謝您的閱讀，此文的文章來(lái)源：工商業(yè)光伏發(fā)電更多的內(nèi)容和問(wèn)題請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊：http://51lib.com.cn我們會(huì)繼續(xù)努力的為您提供服務(wù)，感謝您的支持！

Thank you for reading. The source of this article is: Industrial and Commercial Photovoltaic Power Generation. For more information and questions, please click: http://51lib.com.cn We will continue to work hard to provide you with services. Thank you for your support!