There are still many risks in the construction and operation of photovoltaic power stations. The main risks faced by photovoltaic power plants throughout their entire lifecycle are:

01 場地風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

01 Site Risk

分布式光伏電站的建設(shè)場地比較復(fù)雜，通常有荒地、廢礦沉降區(qū)場地、建筑屋頂、水面等。廢礦區(qū)建設(shè)場地的下沉、建筑屋頂?shù)暮奢d等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都需要在投資建設(shè)時(shí)進(jìn)行了解和在項(xiàng)目前期有效規(guī)避。

The construction site of distributed photovoltaic power stations is relatively complex, usually including wasteland, abandoned mine settlement areas, building roofs, water surfaces, etc. The subsidence of the construction site in the waste mining area, the load on the building roof, and other risks need to be understood during investment and effectively avoided in the early stages of the project.

02 場地產(chǎn)權(quán)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

02 Property Rights Risks of the Site

分布式光伏有很多是采用場地租賃或通過合作等方式建設(shè)的，不能辦理產(chǎn)權(quán)證，在長達(dá)20多年的運(yùn)營周期內(nèi)，建設(shè)場地或建筑屋頂?shù)臍w屬權(quán)變化都會產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)權(quán)或使用權(quán)持久性等企業(yè)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，易產(chǎn)生糾紛。特別是房主、廠房租賃戶一旦發(fā)生變化，其屋頂租賃、所發(fā)電力的消納等情況都有可能發(fā)生較大的變化，對于自發(fā)自用或自發(fā)自用、余電上網(wǎng)的電站產(chǎn)生消納和并網(wǎng)接入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等。

Many distributed photovoltaics are built through site leasing or cooperation, and cannot obtain property rights certificates. Over a 20 year operating cycle, changes in ownership of the construction site or building roof can result in corporate credit risks such as property or usage rights persistence, which can easily lead to disputes. Especially if homeowners and factory tenants change, there may be significant changes in their roof leasing, electricity consumption, and other situations, which may pose risks to the consumption and grid connection of power stations that are self used or self used, or have surplus electricity connected to the grid.

03 電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)變化帶來的并網(wǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

03 Grid connection risks brought about by changes in grid structure

由于目前我國發(fā)電主體是以煤熱電為主，慣性大，與光伏、風(fēng)電調(diào)峰、調(diào)度的響應(yīng)速度慢。同時(shí)，隨著大量工商業(yè)屋頂電站，居民戶分布式光伏發(fā)電的建設(shè)并大量接入用戶側(cè)電網(wǎng)，會對用戶側(cè)電網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生電網(wǎng)電壓偏高、波動增加、光伏逆變器應(yīng)過壓跳閘導(dǎo)致無法正常發(fā)電和用戶電器損壞等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此，如何把握可再生能源并網(wǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，將成為電網(wǎng)需要研究的重要課題。

Due to the current dominance of coal thermal power generation in China, which has a large inertia, the response speed to photovoltaic, wind power peak shaving, and scheduling is slow. At the same time, with the construction of a large number of industrial and commercial rooftop power plants, distributed photovoltaic power generation for residential households, and a large number of connections to the user side power grid, there will be risks such as high grid voltage, increased fluctuations, overvoltage tripping of photovoltaic inverters, and inability to generate electricity normally, as well as damage to user electrical appliances. Therefore, how to grasp the risks of renewable energy grid connection will become an important topic that the power grid needs to study.

04 電價(jià)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

04 Electricity Price Risk

隨著可再生能源發(fā)電的發(fā)展，電價(jià)波動或降價(jià)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也是存在的，盡管電價(jià)降價(jià)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較小，但是這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)始終存在。

With the development of renewable energy generation, there is also a risk of price fluctuations or price reductions. Although the risk of price reductions is relatively small, this risk always exists.

05 電站設(shè)備質(zhì)量和壽命風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

05 Power Station Equipment Quality and Life Risk

盡管光伏發(fā)電站的主要設(shè)備性能和壽命都能滿足20年以上的使用壽命但是一些組件和逆變器等設(shè)備依舊存在短時(shí)期損壞的問題，特別是一些個(gè)別廠家生產(chǎn)的設(shè)備有比較嚴(yán)重的質(zhì)量問題，很難達(dá)到預(yù)期的使用壽命。

Although the main equipment performance and lifespan of photovoltaic power stations can meet a service life of more than 20 years, some components and inverters still suffer from short-term damage, especially some equipment produced by individual manufacturers with serious quality problems, making it difficult to achieve the expected service life.

06 自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

06 Natural Disaster Risk

光伏發(fā)電站投資較大，投資回報(bào)周期長，受到自然災(zāi)害等不確定因素的干擾風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大，光伏發(fā)電站的安全穩(wěn)定和高效運(yùn)行是確保投資回收的關(guān)鍵，光伏發(fā)電站安裝在曠野、屋頂?shù)葓鏊?，使用環(huán)境相對惡劣，雷電、颶風(fēng)、洪水、冰雹、雪災(zāi)等等不可抗的自然災(zāi)害都會給光伏發(fā)電帶來組件破損、支架傾倒等巨大的損壞。

Photovoltaic power stations have a large investment and a long investment return cycle, and are at high risk of interference from uncertain factors such as natural disasters. The safe, stable, and efficient operation of photovoltaic power stations is crucial to ensuring investment recovery. Photovoltaic power stations are installed in open fields, rooftops, and other places, and the operating environment is relatively harsh. Irresistible natural disasters such as lightning, hurricanes, floods, hail, and snow can cause component damage to photovoltaic power generation Massive damage such as bracket tilting.

07 運(yùn)行事故風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

07 Risk of operational accidents

光伏發(fā)電站在運(yùn)營中還有很多運(yùn)營事故風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，盡管光伏發(fā)電站建成后，運(yùn)維費(fèi)用相對較少，但是它所面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依舊存在。熱斑、接頭接觸不良，輕則導(dǎo)致電路、設(shè)備損壞，嚴(yán)重的會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的火災(zāi)事故，造成重大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。

There are still many operational accident risks in the operation of photovoltaic power stations. Although the operation and maintenance costs are relatively low after the completion of photovoltaic power stations, the risks they face still exist. Hot spots and poor contact of joints can cause damage to circuits and equipment, and in severe cases, can lead to serious fire accidents and significant economic losses.